When the Leeves Broke

Cruz 1 Carolina Cruz Professor Gwaltney English 1102 March 14, 2013 When the Levees Broke: A Rhetorical Analysis It is almost difficult to envision that one day you can be sheltered in your home and with the entirety of your assets and the following day a tropical storm leaves you with nothing. Shockingly, the 484,000 individuals who lived in New Orleans needed to encounter those inconceivable contemplations direct in 2005 because of Hurricane Katrina. â€Å"An whole city was almost cleared off the essence of the earth† (Kellogg) and in any event 1,833 individuals were murdered during and after the storm.There are numerous speculations and tricks of what occurred with the levees and what could have been improved so as to help the inhabitants of New Orleans. Executive Spike Lee felt emphatically about the issue and chose to make a narrative so as to give the individuals of New Orleans equity. By coordinating When the Levees Broke, Spike Lee gives the crowd his own view on the w hole circumstance managing Hurricane Katrina and her consequence. With his utilization of video altering and decision of specific meetings, Lee gave enthusiastic validity to his film as well as a coherent purpose of view.The fundamental contention of the narrative was to clarify the arrangement of occasions that happened during and following the tempest, while additionally getting within purpose of perspectives on a portion of the Hurricane Katrina casualties. Another contention Spike Lee was attempting to make Cruz 2 was that there was significantly more to the catastrophe than simply the tempest. I do accept that Lee worked admirably in expressing what is on his mind in his narrative however I don't trust it was an exceptionally solid contention. The contention isn't persuading in light of the fact that not everyone’s see was remembered for the film.It appears that Spike Lee was extremely one-sided while making the narrative and had no issue with communicating it in his fil m. In spite of the fact that I do to some degree concur with Lee’s perspective, I don't accept that it was a very balanced contention. In his narrative, Lee faces the fundamental issues that happened at the hour of the tropical storm, for example, racial, social and policy centered issues. By including such a great amount of data about what was really happening during Hurricane Katrina in his film, Lee made a set up documentary.Lee’s reason for making the film was to allow the casualties to stand up and to show â€Å"how poor people and oppressed of New Orleans were abused in this fabulous catastrophe and still overlooked today† (Chisholm). Lee is an enthusiastic and straightforward man and he passed on his message in a manner where the casualties had the high ground and could talk on the main problems. Had Spike Lee not been so one-sided, I think the two his contention and narrative could have been magnificent. Spike Lee utilized the Aristotelian intrigue of se ntiment the most all through his narrative so as to get the audience’s attention.The way he joins certain social music and photographs of the repercussions of Hurricane Katrina make the crowd increasingly slanted to focus. The assortment of photos Lee highlights in his film not just let us see what was going on during Hurricane Katrina, they additionally â€Å"add surface and significantly further weight to these stories† (Kellogg). He does this intentionally so as to cause the crowd to feel compassion towards all the individuals who were met just as those Cruz 3 who died because of Hurricane Katrina.The most ideal way Lee kept the consideration of the crowd was by â€Å"allowing the individuals who survived the fiasco to tell their stories† (Kellogg). The watcher is bound to focus on the off chance that they are invigorated genuinely and that is the thing that Spike Lee focused on. He likewise shows the crowd how the â€Å"evacuation procedure isolated guardia ns from kids as individuals were stacked onto buses,† by doing this, the crowd gets a more inside and out perspective on the fiasco and is bound to feel dismal and watch the narrative more.The basic issue that Lee was attempting to disclose to the crowd was that â€Å"the storm was harming without anyone else, however that was not the genuine disaster† (Chisholm). A few pundits don't accept that Spike Lee was intended to make this film since he didn't catch everyone’s perspective. This film should be about simply the casualties assessment on their opinion of the circumstance managing the legislature and Hurricane Katrina. I consider he was all around qualified for the activity on the grounds that Lee’s â€Å"films have taken a gander at the absolute most polarizing subjects† (Jacobs) nd it was no stun that he made this narrative about Hurricane Katrina. There were numerous reactions about the narrative, for example, it didn't really examine the enti rety of the individuals of New Orleans and it gave us an awful perspective on the administration. Lee had his own scheme on how the levees were exploded instead of simply being demolished by the storm. Lee’s film was likewise condemned in light of the fact that it â€Å"suggested that the blast guaranteed that poor people neighborhoods be harmed and not the rich improvements further down† (Jacobs) and that didn't take well with the preservationist circles.Another reason his narrative was Cruz 4 defective was on the grounds that it had an extremely one-sided point of view and â€Å"Mr. Lee’s narrative overflows with outrage and a level of paranoia† (Holden). The three primary themes this narrative addressed were those, for example, legislative issues, social issues and racial issues. There were numerous protests inside the film about the legislature from the casualties of Hurricane Katrina. The individuals of New Orleans were offended by the â€Å"tardy r eaction of the Bush organization to the crisis† (Jacobs).A huge bit of the narrative concentrated on the absence of help from the administration, it clarified how a couple of government authorities took longer than ordinary to help with the fiasco in New Orleans. The way that bodies were all the while being found after F. E. M. An evidently looked through all the houses was a major worry for the individuals. F. E. M. A had not been giving the casualties the best possible consideration they required for the measure of time that they had left and that was a high worry to the individuals who urgently required assistance from F.E. M. A. George Bush and Dick Chaney were additionally spoken upon in a terrible way too in light of the fact that they had more significant activities as opposed to help the perishing individuals of their own nation. Much the same as a large portion of his different movies, Spike Lee made his narrative for the most part about race. At a certain point in th e film it clarifies how the fiasco began the â€Å"racist, vigilante air which gave cops and warriors unconditional authority to shoot without hesitation ‘looters’† (Onesto) and how they were not reluctant to finish orders.The larger part of the individuals Lee met were poor and dark and were dealt with ineffectively. In this film, Lee hints that the casualties are being dealt with like slaves and isolated from their families. He communicates â€Å"the truth of how the establishments of racial domination and the thoughts of bigotry are woven into the very operations of this arrangement of U. S. capitalism† (Onesto). Culture is a serious deal in Cruz 5 New Orleans; the individuals consider their way of life the most significant and important thing to them.A enormous piece of the New Orleans culture is Mardi Gras and it was a worry of the individuals whether they ought to or ought not have the festival the next year after Hurricane Katrina. Mardi Gras is a y early festival and even the storm couldn't totally bring the occupants of New Orleans down. Spike Lee needed to show that despite the fact that the city looked terrible, the individuals of New Orleans despite everything had their cheerful moods. All the discussion including New Orleans, for example, race, legislative issues and culture tricked Spike Lee to make a narrative about the hurricane.Based off his past movies Lee was fit to make this film and worked admirably in passing on his message. With this utilization of upgraded photography and video altering Lee had the option to make a useful yet enrapturing film that demonstrated the opposite side of the story. In his narrative, we can at long last â€Å"put human faces on the devastation† (Jacobs) and understand that these individuals were once similar to us in their homes. His film not just permits us to perceive what happened in August of 2006, however it lets us hear the individual stories and acknowledge what we were n ot told by the government.The narrative gives us the casualties perspective on the catastrophe and it makes the watcher progressively mindful of the destruction that the individuals of New Orleans needed to confront. By making this narrative, Lee not just clarified the difficulties of the casualties of Hurricane Katrina however he additionally let the individuals come out and express how they felt during the clearing and revamping process. Cruz 6 Works Cited Chisholm, Kenneth. â€Å"Plot Summary for â€Å"When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts†Ã¢â‚¬  IMDb. IMDb. com, n. d. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Holden, Stephen. â€Å"‘When the Levees Broke’: Spike Lee’s Tales From a Broken City. Www. nytimes. com. The New York Times, 21 Aug. 2006. Web. 2013. Jacobs, Jay S. â€Å"PopEntertainment. com: Spike Lee Interview about ‘When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts. ‘† PopEntertainment. com: Spike Lee Interview about ‘When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts. ‘ N. p. , 18 Dec. 2006. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. Onesto, Li. â€Å"Spike Lee's When the Levees Broke: Bitter Truth About the Crimes in New Orleans. † Spike Lee's When the Levees Broke: Bitter Truth About the Crimes in New Orleans. Unrest Newspaper, 27 Aug. 2006. Web. 7 Mar. 2013.

Long-term memory and forgetting, What is the evidence that human Essay

Long haul memory and overlooking, What is the proof that human long haul memory is secluded - Essay Example Hugeness is likewise given on account of some connection to some noteworthy perspective (Heffner, 2001). For instance, whatever is identified with ourselves, for example, our expert honors and thanks, etc. Vogel and Drew (2008) illuminate that drawn out memory has enormous capacity. Because of the enormous stockpiling capacity, the drawn out memory can keep monstrous data in it. We can see human long haul memory as measured as it holds a wide measure of information. In any case, this reality can't be denied that we overlook some data. Henderson (1999) portrays that we overlook due to two variables which are: rot and obstruction. From rot, he implies the effect of time because of which, our drawn out memory is now and then lethargic and from obstruction, he implies the block or interruption that is caused due to some occasion or occurring. By considering the wonder of overlooking, we can't dismiss the seclusion of human long haul memory. Vogel and Drew (2008) report in â€Å"Why do we overlook things?† that our drawn out memory tracks data in a point by point group and the data it keeps can't be considered as unsure in light of the fact that the drawn out memory saves a huge measure of data for the lifetime. We overlook as a result of impedance and at that point, when it slips we's mind, we need to willfully look our memory for the overlooked occasion or thing and with the inquiry, we will have the option to recall the correct solution for our inquiry (Vogel and Drew, 2008). Heffner (2001) views overlooking as a characteristic marvel. He educates that when we can't recall that anything, it can't be said that the data is lost everlastingly, it remains there. The data that is spared in our drawn out memory can't be recovered at some point on account of some interruption and transitory issue. This interruption or impedance is just until further notice as the data can be increased later on (Heffner,

How Can a Person Be Depressed for No Reason

How Can a Person Be Depressed for No Reason Depression Causes Print How Can a Person Be Depressed for No Reason? Causes and Treatments of Depression By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Jamie Grill / Getty Images Depression can have many causes, all of which are complex and can be difficult to understand. In some cases, feelings of depression can be clearly connected to an experience in someone’s life, such as a tragic loss or a violent event. Other people may be aware they have a family history of mental illness and, as a result, may not be caught off guard by a diagnosis of depression.   However, some people become depressed and don’t know why. They may feel they do not have a “reason” to be depressedâ€"especially if they perceive their life as being “good” or “easy” compared to others.   The pressure to explain or justify how they feel can make depression worse and may prevent people from getting necessary treatment.   The Lived Experience of Depression   A person who is in good physical health, is employed, has a safe home to live in, enough money to care for themselves and their family, supportive friends, and hobbies may struggle to comprehend why they feel persistently sad, angry, or irritable. In the absence of a clear “trigger” such as the death of a loved one, a divorce, or the loss of a job, they may feel that it doesn’t make sense for them to feel depressed. The presence of these things in their lives may make someone feel that they have “no right” to be unhappy. If a person’s family does not have a history of depression, they may assume that means they couldn’t be genetically prone themselves. Likewise, a person may look back at their childhood and become confused and concerned if they don’t find a specific event that would “justify” the depression they are experiencing as an adult.   When they realize the people around them have not experienced depression, they may feel very alone. They may start to worry that others will think they don’t appreciate what they have if they appear sad or down. They may worry about being a burden to othersâ€"or seen as a liability.   People with depression may be concerned about speaking up in fear of what might change at school or work, as well as in their relationships.   They may worry that their boss won’t think them capable of doing their job if they know they have depression. When young people in school are depressed, they may be wrongly labeled “slackers” or told that they are not “trying hard enough.”   When a person with depression internalizes these messages, they may come to believe they are not smart or capableâ€"and depression has a way of reinforcing those false beliefs by making someone have a low opinion of themselves.   In relationships, people with depression may not talk about their experience because they are afraid others won’t understand. They may worry that their spouse, family, and friends will stop loving them. They may fear the people they care about will blame them for the feelings they have.   They may also be worried that their loved ones will blame themselves if they are unable to help, which can make a person who is depressed feel guilty or like a burden. Parents who are experiencing depression may worry about how their children could be affected. They may even fear that they will be seen as “unfit” parents if they admit to having feelings of depression.   The pressure to “justify” depression can be overwhelming, but remember the old saying that you “can’t judge a book by its cover.” The way someone else’s life appears to be may not show the whole truth. People who are depressed may work very hard to try to hide how they really feel. On the outside, they may look and even act as though they feel OK and that everything is fine. Whether you’re experiencing depression yourself or you care about someone who is, it can be helpful to reframe how you think about the condition. Start by focusing on the causes of depression (which are backed by facts) rather than focusing on reasons (which are subjective and relative).     The Importance of Focusing on “Causes” Not “Reasons”   Researchers are still learning about all the different mechanisms that drive depression.?? There are many causes and in most cases, it’s a combination of factors that ultimately cause a person to become depressed.   2:12 Some Common Causes of Depression The chemistry of depression is not well understood, but researchers do know that an imbalance of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters can happen in anyone, even in the absence of an obvious trigger.?? Some influences, such as brain structure, genetic predisposition, and environmental exposures, are not something a person can control. Risk factors that fall under the category of lifestyle choices are considered modifiable, but the extent to which an individual can do so will depend on their own ability and how much support they have.   Depression can make it much more challenging to address factors that might be contributing to depression, such as substance use or diet. As much as it is a mental illness, depression can also be physical. Symptoms like chronic pain and fatigue can make it difficult for people to take on lifestyle modifications, such as exercise, even if they want to and believe they could help.?? To make these changes (and stick with them) people need to have the right tools and a good deal of support. To get treatment, a person with depression needs to feel safe talking about how they are feeling.   A person who believes they are depressed “for no reason” may not feel they “deserve” to ask for or get help. That’s why it’s important to focus less on the “reason” for depression and instead think about the causes.   Looking at the causes helps people (both those with depression and those who want to support them) understand that being depressed is a medical condition, not a choice. Depression can be, needs to be, and deserves to be treated. However, there are many different ways to treat the condition. What works for one person may not work for another, and some people have to try many different options before finding something effective.   It’s also not unusual for people to need to try different treatments throughout their lives to manage depression, as the condition can change and evolve in response to changes in a person’s life (both physically and emotionally).   If you are depressed but don’t understand why, you may recognize that you need help and may want it, but may also be struggling with the feeling that you don’t “have the right” to ask for help.   Know this: Every person with depression deserves treatment.   Depression Statistics Everyone Should Know Will Treatment Help? It’s hard to predict which treatments will work best for someone with depression. How well a specific treatment works also depends on the type of depression a person is experiencing.  It’s important to work closely with your doctor and/or a mental health care professional (such as a psychiatrist, especially if you take medications) as you are exploring different treatment options.   Antidepressant medications such as Prozac (fluoxetine) and Zoloft (sertraline), are among the most commonly prescribed. Psychotherapy is another option and is often used in combination with medication. Research indicates that for many people, using therapy and antidepressants together can effectively treat depression. However, these interventions alone may not adequately address symptoms for every person with depression.?? In these cases, other types of treatment such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be used. ECT involves the brief application of an electrical pulse to the scalp in order to produce a seizure. Research has shown that the brain’s response to such stimulation can be rapid and may be able to treat symptoms that were resistant to medication and therapy.?? Newer depression treatments include various types of brain stimulation therapy such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). These treatments may be recommended for someone whose symptoms haven’t responded to medication or therapy.?? TMS vs. ECT for Severe Depression While it can be exhausting, frustrating, time-consuming, and in some cases costly to try different methods of treating depression, it’s important to try to find the option that will be the most effective for you. Depression (and its treatment) is a complex process that’s not one-size-fits-all.   Understanding a Loved One’s Depression   If someone you care about is dealing with depression, you may not be sure how to support them. If your attempts to help are rejected or don’t seem to do any good, you may become frustrated and impatient.   If you feel tempted to tell someone who is depressed to “try harder” or “just snap out of it,” it may be a sign that you are overwhelmed or experiencing burnout. If this happens, it’s important that you pause and take time to reflect on your own feelings. You won’t be able to help someone else until you have taken care of your own emotional needs. How to Take Care of Yourself When Caring for Others When you’re worried about a person you care about, the feelings of fear you have may come across as anger when you’re talking to them. Even if you arent mad or speaking in anger, depression can make it harder for a person to really hear what you are saying. They may interpret your words as being dismissive, accusatory, disappointed, or any number of emotions that aren’t necessarily accurate.   When you’re speaking to your loved one with depression, keep this in mind if it seems like your conversations are full of miscommunication. Although you may want to remind them of all the “good things in life” or point out that “it could be worse,” platitudes such as these aren’t usually helpful for a person with depression to hear.   Comparing their pain to someone else’s (or your own) may be your way of trying to give your loved one some perspective, but it may come across as though you are minimizing their experience. If the person is already struggling to understand why they are depressed, comments like these can reinforce feelings of guilt. In response, a person may “close up.”   If someone you care about is depressed, especially if they are struggling with “having no reason” for it, the most important thing you can do for them is to be a compassionate and active listener.   This doesn’t mean you should put your emotional needs second or withhold your own feelings. Keeping the lines of communication open helps the person you care for feel safe to discuss what they’re going through and express the desire for help when they’re ready. If you are worried about them, maintaining a “lifeline” can reassure you of their safety and well-being.   How to Help Someone With Depression

Animal Testing for Humanity Essay - 537 Words

Animal Testing for Humanity Animal research is vital to human existence. This testing enables doctors to find treatments and cures for various diseases and aliments. The people, who object and think that mad scientists preform all animal research, merely do not understand the importance. There are many regulatory acts protecting the animals in experiments, therefore proving that ending animal research all together would be a harsh blow to society. The regulations, such as the Animal Welfare Act, which ensures that animal, care for research is a main priority. The AWA requires appropriate veterinary care, housing, feeding, handling, sanitation, ventilation, and sheltering. Also, in that act the Animal and Plant Health†¦show more content†¦This means scientists are using these animals to find cures and treatments. Animal rights groups are also saying that pets are routinely stolen and end up in research facilities, which also proves to be untrue. Forty percent of dogs and cats involved in research are bred for this purpose, while the rest are purchased from highly-regulated Class B animal dealers or pounds, where otherwise these animals would be put to death. The USDA also mandated a holding period of ten to fifteen days, which provides ample time for owners to locate their lost pets, or for the unwanted animals to find homes. Life without animal research would be a disaster. According to the Americans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation, without animal research, insulin-dependent diabetics would be dead. Polio would kill or cripple thousands of unvaccinated adults. This year 7,500 newborns that contract jaundice each year would develop cerebral palsy, which is now preventable through phototherapy. Finally, millions of dogs, cats, and other pets and farm animals would have died from anthrax, distemper, canine parvovirus, feline leukemia, rabies and more than 200 other diseases, which were made preventable through animal research. Animals in research benefit humans and their fellow animals. The research has developed gene therapy, bone marrow transplantation, vaccines andShow MoreRelatedIs Animal Testing Essential For Humanity?1468 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Period 3 Ene/European Literature Is Animal Testing Essential for Humanity? Around the world, animal testing has been a controversy for many years. In the cosmetic and medical industry, doctors claim that animal testing is essential for life and solves many issues. Although animal testing may have helped the cosmetics industry and has provided opportunities, this form of experimenting has not been imperative to humanity. 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Essay about The Homosexual Brain - 1502 Words

The Homosexual Brain? In 1992, Vice-President Dan Quayle said that homosexuality is more of a choice than a biological situation...It is a wrong choice. (1). Quayles statement counters the sentiment of many homosexuals that their sexual orientation is neither a lifestyle nor a personal choice, it is innate and unchangeable (2) . Is homosexuality a choice or does sexual preference have a biological basis? This question is at the forefront of academic, scientific, political, legal and media consciousness (3). The debate over homosexuality has influenced a myriad of research in finding a biological cause for differences in sexual behavior. The quest to find a biological substrate for homosexuality resembles an earlier movement in†¦show more content†¦Prenatal and perinatal hormones organize the components of the brain and create either a male or female brain and thereby produce male or female typical behavior (5). The most sexually dimorphic region of the brain is located in the hypothalamus. The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is the most differentiated portion of the brain between sexes. In humans, the SDN is twice as large in young adult men than it is in women. The SDN-POA also plays an essential role in the secretion of gonadotropin, maternal behavior, and sexual behavior in many mammals and therefore implies that it is critical in human sexual behavior. There are four cell groups located in this preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. These four groups have been termed the Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH 1-4). Research done on these cell groups shows that the INAH-3 is about three times larger in the male brain than it is in the female brain (6). The INAH-2 is twice as large in the male brain than the female brain (6). 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So, the purpose of this extended essay is to answer the research question of to what extentRead MoreEssay on The Cause of Homosexual Behaviors1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause of Homosexual Behaviors The cause of homosexual behaviors has long been a controversial topic debated by scientists, psychologists, and many others among the general population. The Newsweek article Born or Bred discusses many possible causes of homosexuality. According to the research done in 1991 by neuroscientist Simon LeVay, the area of the brain that controls sexual activity called the hypothalamus, was less than half the size in homosexual males compared to heterosexual malesRead MoreThe Issue of Gay Marriage864 Words   |  3 Pagesshould have doesn’t work. A critical argument against gay marriage, is that being gay is a â€Å"choice† therefore it shouldn’t be promoted and spread. This is false because one who is truly homosexual is naturally sexually attracted to the same sex. A heterosexual male cannot just make a choice to engage in homosexual intercourse. Not long ago, African Americans were unable to marry Caucasians. This form of discrimination, given being gay isn’t a race, is still blanketed a civil rights issue. A personRead MoreHomosexuality: Is It A Choice? (Pro)800 Words   |  4 Pages Homosexuality: Is It A Choice? (Pro) The term homosexual originated in 1892, to describe two people of the same gender that were attracted to each other. All though Homosexual behavior between species has been dated back to the beginning of time. Today in the United States based on Population surveys more then eight-million adults alone in the U.S are homosexual. Many people believe that Homosexuality is a scientific, and is no more of a choice then the color of your skin. CrystalRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Effect On Society Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesSome of those reasons are tied into religion, taboo due to the norms, or from an individual’s personality. From these major reasons, it has caused homosexuals to be discriminated from verbal assault, physical assault, and to the point of even death. The victims from this issue is not only the homosexual, but also their family and friends. For some homosexuals their family and friends might be accepting of their sexuality or reject it. Fearful of their own li ves, their friends and families are put inRead MoreEssay about Causes of Homosexuality - Nature AND Nuture564 Words   |  3 Pages Many people cannot understand why anyone would want to get involved in homosexual activity. There are many arguments about homosexuality whether is by nature or nurture. Before we make judgments on homosexuality, we need to identify the causes of homosexuality. Homosexuality is caused by genetic, biological and environmental factors. The first possible cause of homosexuality is genetic factors. Homosexuality is a trait from birth (Buchanan, 2000). Studies found that identical twins share manyRead More Homosexuals are Not Born Gay Essays1369 Words   |  6 Pagesa young boy has a feminine throw he may be homosexual. Also if he has a soft or high voice this would be another detection that one would be homosexual. There have been many conclusions and statements as to what causes homosexuality. These are the traits that normally are classed with someone who is homosexual. The popular argument in today’s society is that homosexuality is something that is inborn, genetically linked to an enlarged gland in the brain or due to a particular chromosome. This would

The Foundations Of National Reconstruction History Essay Free Essays

On Nationalism, Suns purpose was to unify the Chinese people to contend for a common cause. This was important for any revolution to take topographic point as it had to affect big multitudes. This meant that the people will hold to alter their perceptual experiences to see themselves as fellow citizens instead than people from different racial and societal groups. We will write a custom essay sample on The Foundations Of National Reconstruction History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He emphasized that under the new Chinese Republic, no race will be discriminated, specifically indicating out that the Manchus, even though they were hated for doing China ‘s death, would non be treated below the belt. He besides highlighted the importance of patriotism for China to be powerful state. Sun hoped that a united community would increase national consciousness and a united people will be powerful to guard of enemies such as the European colonialists that were still busying parts of China. On democracy, Sun explained the system of democracy and what political alterations were traveling to take topographic point. He challenged the legitimacy of the old monarchies of China in which he stated that the societal groups in which one individual was considered superior over the other is against the rule in which all worlds are equal. He besides explained the demand for a democratic authorities and argues for the formation of a Chinese fundamental law. Finally, Sun explained his positions of Livelihood. In the economic system, Sun explained the state of affairs of the Chinese economic system and highlighted alterations in the economic system, chiefly explicating the demand of province ownership in order to avoid income inequality. Sun besides explained on the demand for three revolutions that will finally take China to a fully fledged democracy. In this part Sun besides drafted his thought of the future cardinal authorities of the Republic of China, which will dwell of five boards to guarantee cheques and balances in the authorities and forestall any functionary from being excessively powerful which may endanger democracy in China. Sun this as a political statement on China ‘s advancement. This papers reiterates the Three Principles of the People in which he mentioned in 1905[ 2 ]. He besides highlighted the incompetency of the old system of authorities in the papers and besides his positions on the importance of a revolution. The address ‘s intended audience was the Chinese people, to inform them on how China was traveling to travel frontward to Reconstruction of its state after the blue period during the stoping old ages of Qing Dynasty. The papers was written in 1923, at the clip when Sun had made merely finished his last expatriate and had eventually became the de facto leader of the Republic of China.[ 3 ]Despite the triumph of the 1911 revolution of China when the Qing Empire was overthrown, the new democracy was a failure. Democracy was non achieved and it was mired by heavy corruptness. Sun became the probationary president of the Republic of China for a short period of four months and so po wer was handed over to Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai, being a power-hungry individual was more interested of consolidating his ain power than anything else, seting China into farther confusion.[ 4 ]After Yuan ‘s decease, China came to the epoch of warlordism, which factionalized China.[ 5 ]Hence in 1923, Sun had wanted to repeat China ‘s demand of advancement and growing to travel frontward re-emphasise the exalted ideals of the revolution. The papers he wrote is in a optimistic tone given that the papers written seems to portray that Sun belief that his three rules will convey about success in China ‘s Reconstruction. These rules besides show that Sun wanted the future coevals to retrieve him as a symbol of China ‘s success, which had brought Chinas out of its worst times towards a bright hereafter. Based on his papers, it can be seen that the 1920s was a clip of great adversity and a period of muss in China. At the period of warlordism, China was broken up into many different coteries. Warlords were invariably contending each other for districts. The economic status at that period was awful ; the warlords had wrecked the financial system of China and greatly hampered any patterned advance in the economic system.[ 6 ]Hence, the papers attempted to supply solutions to the assortment of jobs in China However, the article ‘s optimism seems to be slightly ill-conceived given the desperate political, economic and societal world faced by China during this period. It was ever traveling to be hard to accomplish the ends stated in the papers. An illustration was Sun ‘s hopes that different ethnicities in China would see themselves as fellow citizens and handle each other every bit.[ 7 ]This was hard because China had a really long history of factionalism, where people saw themselves as portion of a race or a societal group alternatively of a united people.[ 8 ]It would be a tall order to anticipate every racial and societal group in China to alter. Furthermore, some racial groups differ greatly in civilization and linguistic communication. An illustration of this would be the Han Chinese and the Tibetans who are still non able to screen out their differences today. In fact, when the papers was written, China was still in the Warlord epoch and hence at that place was already a immense challenge of eliminating the different military coteries before any success on patriotism is was possible. This optimism is besides undermined by the deficiency of any concrete programs Sun had to further patriotism in China. Another high spot in the papers was the thought of province ownership, which Sun felt was the manner to travel frontward instead Capitalism. Sun ‘s thought of province ownership instead than traveling towards private ownership at the beginning of the democracy, was the logical measure to take because Capitalism needs to hold a solid foundation before it can be implemented and China did non hold this in 1923. Besides, Capitalism is a Western economic system and therefore following Capitalism was likely to tie in his authorities with the powers which were looting China during this period of clip, and therefore would de-legitimize Sun ‘s government. Sun had made mentioned illustrations of Europe and America significantly in the papers. This was due to Sun ‘s esteem of its advancement and success in political and economic cabals. . This had therefore encouraged him to look to the West to retroflex their theoretical account in accomplishing a successful republican democracy that he wished China would be. Hence, Sun wanted to follow some of these Western systems to China. Even the three basicss that he had mentioned in the papers were similar to that of the Gallic slogan, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity[ 9 ]. Furthermore as Sun had studied in the West, he was really influenced by Western instructions and saw the success of the West because of its strong sense of Nationalism, effectual democracy and well-run economic system. Hence, these factors convinced him that some theoretical accounts from the West needed to be For Sun, being imperfect was the extreme importance and he felt that advancement could merely be achieved throu gh autonomy and democracy[ 10 ]and hence this influenced his policies stated in the papers that focused on these countries. Sun had desperately wanted advancement because it was a instead pressing issue in China. One of the factors was likely due to the advancement of another East Asiatic state, Japan who was already economically and politically advanced as compared to China in 1923.If China does non come on it might stay taken for granted by westerners and Japan who were already busying parts of China, merely an betterment in China ‘s state of affairs could let it to be stronger against these forces. Furthermore, China was used to be a proud and powerful state and alternatively of being occupied and shamed, it used to hold tributary provinces whose states used to be subservience to its emperor[ 11 ]. Hence, China was a proud state and Sun ‘s purpose was to reconstruct this pride of the Chinese people. Its retardation was mortifying in China. Sun therefore see the import ance of advancement to recover its strength in international dealingss This papers therefore of import as it was used as a footing of administration in the old ages to come when China was under the Kuomintang. However, in Mainland China today, it influence is limited because it was taken over by the Chinese Communist Party during the civil war, the Chinese authorities still upholds this papers as the rule of its state ‘s fundamental law.[ 12 ] How to cite The Foundations Of National Reconstruction History Essay, Essay examples

Music Impact On Everyday Life Essays - Culture, Entertainment, Music

Music Impact on Everyday Life The Music Made Me Do It Music has a huge impact on the everyday lives of individuals in America today. It is an important part of the sociological self, which causes a person to feel and act in a certain manner. Sensual guitar playing, a suggestive song, hard rock power chords, or a tune from the past are all highly powerful forces in shaping ones actions. I have taken a particular interest in the way that different genres of music affect students actions at this university. This paper will take into account the effects that particular genres of music have on people. Because we are in a college town such as Austin it is easy to observe the effects that music has on people. Whether it be at parties, clubs, concerts, or in the dorms, I have seen the effects that music has on students. In many situations in todays world, actions that would normally be deemed inappropriate are viewed as acceptable due to the fact that a certain type of music is playing. Through a few experiences and observances, I have discover ed the sociological importance of different music in the lives of many students. At many heavy metal and rock and roll concerts, there are areas where a large group of people congregate and physically shove each other during the performance. This area is most commonly referred to as a mosh pit. At the beginning of this semester, I attended an outdoor concert here in Austin. The headlining band was the Stone Temple Pilots, a band that performs songs that often contain some heavy metal guitar riffs. As the concert progressed, there arose a massive mosh pit engulfing the area from about one hundred yards away from the stage all the way to the front of the stage. Three rows back from the stage I could hardly breathe. I was not standing under my own power, but by the pressure of all the people around me pushing in every direction. There is no doubt that these actions are the direct effect of this particular music. This type of music can lead to a state of mind where these activities are a main focus in a persons way of life. According to Freud, the id is the part of t he person which desires certain things, but is controlled by the ego and superego (Freud, 65-68). When a person enters a stage such as this in their life they are completely controlled by the id. The music is an ally to the id, helping it achieve its desires. To illustrate this point further, a closer look at the actions is necessary. A concerts purpose is to allow fans to listen to a band perform live. If the rational part of ones self, the superego, were in control, it is highly unlikely that someone would begin shoving random people to the beat of a song. Though this behavior would not normally be tolerated, it is viewed as acceptable because the participants are at a certain music concert. These actions toe the line between expression and violence. For the most part, this aggressive behavior is instigated and carried out by males. By nature the males of the human species are more prone to violence and exhibitions of strength than females. Music is a powerful means by which these people deem it permissible to act in such a manner. There may be other factors involved with this behavior such as male angst and stress, but the driving force is undoubtedly the music. When a typical heavy metal song is played there is an intense beat that penetrates to the soul. The most common rhythm in many of these songs lends itself to sharp, powerful, and rigid movements. In a society where the men are seen as the dominant sex, they need a place to display their masculinity. Those who dont have any other outlet find their release in their physical appreciation of the music. It is logical to deduce that males need a place to release their natural selves, and the music at these concerts provides just such a place. Music from your ones also brings with it the memories of the times they

Australian Capitalism And Gst Essays - Tax Reform, Value-added Tax

Australian Capitalism And Gst Essays - Tax Reform, Value-added Tax Australian Capitalism And Gst On the 13th August 1998, the Prime Minister, The Hon John Howard MP held a press conference at Parliament House to launch the Federal Government's tax plan for Australia's future. The plan incorporates significant historic changes to the Australian taxation system, which are to be guided by five key principles. The key principle of the Federal Government's tax reform proposal that is creating speculation and debate is the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax, commonly known as GST. This consumption tax has come under intense public and political scrutiny and questions have been raised as to the economic fairness of this proposal. According to Macionis and Plummer (1997, p.420) capitalist economies produce a higher overall standard of living but also generate greater income disparity. The inequity of Australia's current economy is evident from the media release issued by the Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS) 4pm Wednesday 17 March 1999 in response to the taxation statistics that were released the same day. Michael Raper, President of ACOSS stated that the taxation statistics revealed the gross inequalities in the distribution of wealth in Australian society today with The top 10% of Australians owning 52% of the nation's wealth, while the bottom half owns a paltry 3%. On balance, does a capitalist economy promote a fair distribution of wealth and social power? I say not. Political support is gained by appealing to members of society with promises to act in their interests, more often directing this appeal to those individuals with wealth, social power and influence. The multi-million dollar advertising campaigns supporting the Federal Government's tax reform package and in particular the proposal of the Goods and Services Tax is funded by big businesses. The same big businesses that will benefit from the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax and that will benefit from the 30% cap on the Capital Gains Tax, an option being considered that can only strengthen the big businesses social power and capitalist ventures within Australian society. This supports the Marxists theory that states Basically, the state always works in the interests of the dominant, ruling, economic class: it favours and supports 'capital'. (Macionis et al 1997, p.452) A media release issued Wednesday 14 October 1998 by the National Tax and Accountants Association in regard to the inequity of the proposed income tax system also supports the Marxist theory. According to Ray Regan, President of the National Tax and Accountants Association, under a GST big businesses will continue to fly first class, travel around in their limousines, go on junket trips overseas and live a lavish lifestyle, but not pay one cent more tax. This is not a fair taxation system; an efficient taxation system should not be beneficial to some and not others. Bennett (1992, p.222) writes, Politicians rarely confront the public face to face to discuss issues and policy yet it is accepted practice in the Australian political arena. Instead of making an effort to understand issues too many people base their decisions on what they are told and accept this at face value, they do not question or seek out the underlying truths. An example of this is the initial media representation of the Goods and Services Tax exemptions. The government believes that to apply GST to education would discriminate against private providers (The Howard Government 1998). The exemptions were accepted and applauded by the public as they were led to believe that all charges, in particular regard to education, were to be exempt. The National Tax and Accountants Association soon alerted the public of this gross misrepresentation. Ray Regan in a media release issued 30 July 1998 states, it is very important for the public to quickly understand that with health, education and childcare the Government is most certainly not talking about a blanket exemption whatsoever. In reality, each of these three essential items will have many componentsthat will be subject to the new GST tax which people will have to pay for the rest of their lives. The GST exemption is applicable to school fees only, not uniforms, texts, transport etc. essential components of the current education system. The equity of GST-free private education that includes boarding school accommodation should also

Paraguay Geography

Paraguay Geography Population: 6,375,830 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: AsuncionBordering Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, and BrazilLand Area: 157,047 square miles (406,752 sq km)Highest Point: Cerro Pero at 2,762 feet (842 m)Lowest Point: Junction of the Rio Paraguay and the Rio Parana at 150 feet (46 m)Paraguay is a large landlocked country located on the Rio Paraguay in South America. It is bordered to the south and southwest by Argentina, to the east and northeast by Brazil and to the northwest by Bolivia. Paraguay is also located in the center of South America and as such, it is sometimes called the Corazon de America or Heart of America. History of Paraguay The earliest inhabitants of Paraguay were semi-nomadic tribes that spoke Guarani. In 1537, Asuncion, Paraguays capital today, was founded by Juan de Salazar, a Spanish explorer. Shortly thereafter, the area became a Spanish colonial province, of which Asuncion was the capital. In 1811 though, Paraguay overthrew the local Spanish government and declared its independence.After its independence, Paraguay went through a number of different leaders and from 1864 to 1870, it was engaged in the War of the Triple Alliance against Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. During that war, Paraguay lost half of its population. Brazil then occupied Paraguay until 1874. Beginning in 1880, the Colorado Party controlled Paraguay until 1904. In that year, the Liberal Party took control and ruled until 1940.During the 1930s and 1940s, Paraguay was unstable due to the Chaco War with Bolivia and a period of instable dictatorships. In 1954, General Alfredo Stroessner took power and ruled Paraguay for 35 years, d uring which time the countrys people had few freedoms. In 1989, Stroessner was overthrown and General Andres Rodriguez took power. During his time in power, Rodriguez focused on political and economic reforms and built relationships with foreign nations.In 1992, Paraguay adopted a constitution with goals of maintaining a democratic government and protecting peoples rights. In 1993, Juan Carlos Wasmosy became Paraguays first civilian president in many years.The late 1990s and early 2000s were again dominated by political instability after attempted government overthrows, the assassination of the vice president and impeachments. In 2003, Nicanor Duarte Frutos was elected as president with goals of improving Paraguays economy, which he did significantly during his time in office. In 2008, Fernando Lugo was elected and his main goals, are reducing government corruption and economic inequalities. Government of Paraguay Paraguay, officially called the Republic of Paraguay, is considered a constitutional republic with an executive branch made up of a chief of state and head of government - both of which are filled by the president. Paraguays legislative branch has a bicameral National Congress consisting of the Chamber of Senators and the Chamber of Deputies. Members of both chambers are elected by popular vote. The judicial branch is comprised of the Supreme Court of Justice with judges appointed by the Council of Magistrates. Paraguay is also divided into 17 departments for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Paraguay Paraguays economy is a market one focused on the re-export of imported consumer goods. Street vendors and agriculture also play a large role and in the countrys rural areas the population often practices subsistence agriculture. Paraguays main agricultural products are cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava, fruits, vegetables, beef, pork, eggs, milk, and timber. Its largest industries are sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic and electricity. Geography and Climate of Paraguay Paraguays topography consists of grassy plains and low wooded hills east of its main river, the Rio Paraguay, while the Chaco region west of the river consists of low marshy plains. Farther from the river the landscape is dominated by dry forests, scrub, and jungles in some locations. Eastern Paraguay, between the Rio Paraguay and the Rio Parana, features higher elevations and it is where most of the countrys population is clustered.The climate of Paraguay is considered subtropical to temperate depending upon ones location within the country. In the eastern area,  there is significant rainfall, while in the far west it is semi-arid. More Facts about Paraguay The official languages of Paraguay are Spanish and Guarani Life expectancy in Paraguay is 73 years for males and 78 years for females Paraguays population is almost entirely located in the southern part of the country There is no official data on Paraguays ethnic breakdown because the Department of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses does not ask questions about race and ethnicity in its surveysReferences Central Intelligence Agency. (27 May 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Paraguay. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Paraguay: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107879.htmlUnited States Department of State. (26 March 2010). Paraguay. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1841.htmWikipedia.com. (29 June 2010). Paraguay - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay

The big sleep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The big sleep - Essay Example This theme is carried on further by locations tied to Marlowe. From his eyes, we are offered a glimpse of his old office building with its iron work and wood interiors. Here, there was demonstration of glamour or a spark of life that struggled to exist in the face of an obviously dying city. Then, there were also the observations from other characters, confirmed by Marlowe’s assent and body language. In his interview with the general, for example, the latter’s first impression of Marlowe was that of â€Å"a man with blood on his veins.† (p. 7) A little while later, Mrs. Regan would say to Marlowe’s face that he is a handsome man and Marlowe acknowledged it with a grunt. Chandler effectively built his protagonist’s character very early in the story. The protagonist’s background – an underpaid drudge – made a lot of sense why the style of the narrative was what it was, simple, straightforward but vivid in describing the richness, luxury and corruption of the period. After, all, it was from Marlowe’s eyes that the reader learn of the tale. There are numerous points wherein the narration resembled crisp, staccato rhythms demonstrating Marlowe’s personality. This was pretty surprising, however, especially when one takes into account that Chandler is British and the narratives that immediately preceded his work where firmly in the tradition of elaborate and almost floral prose. In a scene from the book, there was an instance when Harry Jones was recounting a narrative testimony about Mr. Canino, Eddie Mars and the mysterious Mona Mars. Afterwards, when he was alone in his office, Marlowe was quoted as saying: I went upstairs again and sat in my chair thinking about Harry Jones and his story. It seemed a little too pat. It had the austere simplicity of fiction rather than the tangled woof of fact.† (p. 115) Here, Chandler clearly expressed his view of fiction or at least its

Reading Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Review - Assignment Example Theses artists perceived revolutionary leftist politics as the sole hope against abuse and violence. They therefore placed hope in political art as opportunities to bring change. To communicate to masses of people, the artists organized realism, a style that most people preferred and understood (Barber 31). Some artists such as Diego Rivera used their art to protest social ills. In 1950, Rivera created an artistically huge, multi-layered mural in Mexico City. He drew his ideas from the early colonial manuscripts, Pre-Columbian sculpture, and historical accounts to compose idealistic portraits of utopian Indian traditions, on-going resistance to the dominant Spaniards, and radical assault on imperialist vices. Rivera’s use of new technologies in art was used to protest social evils and had clear appeal to leftist politics, an appeal that expanded to the U.S during the age of depression. Most of researches from art works indicate that femininity failed to fulfill most of the requirements of traditional art history. In the 19th century, these practical limitations did not affect women as much, but in the early years of the 20th century, women were gradually marginalized from paintings. Women, whose reputed powers were in intuition and emotions as opposed to reason were perceived as incapable of delivering symbolic and intellectual arts properly. History art depends on a clear creation of articulated texts, where texts are clearly employed to meet discursive objectives. Similarly, the temperaments needed of a history artist begun to be gendered as â€Å"masculine† thus implying that none of the women artists would have the frame of mind essential to create significant historical art. Since art displayed and needed judgment and imagination; a couple of components of reason, they were traditionally associated with masculinity. A notion came

Wordplay Functions In Literature And Literary Theory English Language Essay

Wordplay Functions In Literature And Literary Theory English Language Essay Abstract: Wordplay occupies a significant position in several important conceptions and theories of literature, principally because it has both a performative and a critical function in relation to language and cognition. This article describes the various uses and understandings of wordplay and their origins in its (Whose?) unique flexibility, which involves an interaction between a semiotic deficit and a semantic surplus. Furthermore, the article illustrates different methods of incorporating theories of wordplay into literature and literary theory, and finally, it demonstrates the ways in which the use of wordplay often leads to the use of metaphors and figurative language. Introduction Puns and wordplay occupy a significant position in literature as well as in various ways of reflecting on and conceptualizing literature. They can be used to produce and perform a poetic function with language and they can be used critically, which entails considering them from a distance(?) as utterances that undermine meaning and sense and that ultimately accomplish a deconstructive performance. A dictionary definition of the word pun illustrates that both homonymy (when two words with unrelated meanings have the same form) and polysemy (when one word form has two or more, related, meanings) can properly be used to form puns: a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words (American Heritage College Dictionary 1997, Third Edition). However, this definition could also be extended to embrace the term wordplay, mainly because pun seems to cover only single words.  [1]  So a more precise definition of pu n might be a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same expression and sometimes on the similar senses or sounds of different words (This is between inverted commas. Where is the citation?). The various uses and understandings of wordplay originate from a flexibility which this article attempts to identify and describe from both a historical and a contemporary perspective. Wordplay involves an interaction between a semiotic deficit and a semantic surplus and is therefore primarily understood and used in two different ways in literature and literary theory. Literary scholar Geoffrey Hartman succinctly articulated this interaction in an essay titled The Voice of the Shuttle: Language from the Point of View of Literature (1970) I dont know which system of citation the author is using. If it is APA, this citation is wrong: You can define a pun as two meanings competing for the same phonemic space or as one sound bringing forth semantic twins, but, however you look at it, its a crowded situation (1970: 347). The semiotic deficit is caused by one sign or expression signifying at least two meanings. The semantic surplus, on the other hand, refers to the cognitive event happenin g in the individual (in literature, the reader) experiencing the play on words. The article describes these two features of wordplay with the help of a few examples of wordplay in literature and literary theory, and it also demonstrates that the use of puns and wordplay often leads to the use of metaphor and figurative language or a semantic surplus like Hartmans twins. Furthermore, the article presents an argument for distinguishing between exploring the intention behind the use of wordplay and exploring wordplay itself. In the previous paragraph, the author talked about an essay by Hartman. Is he/she still referring to that essay when he/she talks about the article? Paranomasia and traductio In the beginning was the pun (1957: 65), writes Samuel Beckett in his novel Murphy from 1938 The citation is wrong, according to APA standards, but although puns and wordplay as such may have been with us from the very beginning (of what?) Beckett is paraphrasing the Bible), actual descriptions of wordplay do not appear until the rhetorical studies of Cicero and Quintilian. Parts of Platos Cratylus do; however, bear a superficial resemblance to wordplay because Socrates makes fun of etymological argumentation, showing the reader how language can lead to sophistic blind alleys and dead ends, which can be deceptive to those who are not familiar with the well-known schism between the world of ideas and the world of phenomena. Moreover, in Phaedrus, Socrates argues that in the written word there is necessarily much which is not serious (277E) It wasnt written by Socrates, but by Plato. It is this argumentation which Jacques Derrida later criticizes in Platos Pharmacy (1998) the system of citation does not seem to be consistent. Names of books are alternatively written in bold type, without inverted commas, or in normal type, with inverted commas, in which Derrida attempts to demonstrate the erosion of Platos argumentation through the two-sidedness and ambiguity of the word pharmakon and through the way Plato plays on the multiple meanings of this word. Writing is both a remedy and a poison, producing both science and magic. Platos antidote to sophism is episteme, or, in Derridas view, mental or epistemological repression. Derridas text demonstrates an interesting and intimate connection between writing, wordplay, oblivion and memory, but since this is a perspective a bit outside the framework of this article I will carry on a more historical view..  [2]   Over time, wordplay has been linked to the rhetorical terms of traductio and adnominatio. The anonymous Rhetoric to Herennius (Rhetorica ad Herennium), written in the period 86-82 BC and ascribed to Cicero until the fifteenth century, states that [t]ransplacement [traductio] makes it possible for the same word to be frequently reintroduced, not only without offence to good taste, but even so as to render the style more elegant (1954: 279) The work of Derrida was not cited like this. Traductio is classified below figures of diction and is compared to other figures of repetition. Common to these figures is an elegance which the ear can distinguish more easily than words can explain. (1954: 281). Identifying wordplay as traductio, however, may not entirely correspond with the understanding we have of wordplay today, although the lack of explanatory words within this rhetorical figure is comparable to the above-mentioned thesis. Today, we would perhaps rather characterize wordplay as adn ominatio [called paranomasia in the English translation]. The Rhetoric to Herennius states that wordplays should be used in moderation because they reveal the speakers labour and compromise his ethos: Such endeavours, indeed, seem more suitable for a speech of entertainment that for use in an actual cause. Hence the speakers credibility, impressiveness, and seriousness are lessened by crowding these figures together. Furthermore, apart from destroying the speakers authority, such a style gives offence because these figures have grace and elegance, but not impressiveness and beauty. (1954: 309) I have indented this, according to APA norms. Wordplay must therefore be used economically so as not to seem childish or to monopolize the listeners attention. In addition, the author of the Rhetoric points to the fact that one very quickly becomes too clever by half if the frequency of paronomasia is too high. In Quintilians treatise on rhetoric, The Orators Education (Institutio Oratoria), wordplay is reckoned among figures of speech (9.13). Another style of citation. Quintilian divides these into two types, the first of which concerns innovations in language, while the second concerns the arrangement of the words. The first type is, according to Quintilian, more grammatically based, while the latter is more rhetorically based, but with indistinct limits. At the same time, the first one protects the speaker against stereotypical language. Wordplay belongs to what Quintilian refers to as figures which depend on their sound; other figures depend on alteration, addition, subtraction or succession. Quintilian treats wordplay immediately following the chapter on addition and subtraction, thereby suggesting its status as something which neither subtracts nor adds. Otherwise his conception of wordplay is similar to that of the Rhetorica ad Herennium: wordplay should be used with cautiousness and only if it to some extent strengthens a point, in which case it can have a convincing effect.  [3]   What we can learn by reading these passages on wordplay in Quintillian and the Rhetorica ad Herennium is that ever since the beginning of literary studies our understanding of wordplay has oscillated between at least two different extremes: traductio and adnominatio / paranomasia, or, one could say, between an outer understanding concerned with the context and an inner understanding mostly concerned with language itself. This could also be one of the main reasons why literary theory has tended to describe puns and wordplay in two ways: either as magical (iconic) language use or as critical language use. Magical language use has much in common with wordplay as a rhetorical figure, and thus also with the way wordplay was used in antiquity and in the romantic era, between which periods the literature of Shakespeare creates an important link. For instance, it is quite remarkable that at first Shakespeare was admonished for his plays on words. In Germany, the Enlightenment poet and transl ator of Shakespeare, C.M. Wieland citation?, also complains about the wisecracks. He calls them albern (silly) and ekelhaft (disgusting). When A.W. Schlegel citation?, on the other hand, gets hold of Shakespeares texts, he is much more attentive to and respectful of the latters excesses in language. Schlegel is in debt to Herder citation?, who is one of the first in Germany to appreciate the poetry in Shakespeares works (their rhythm, melody and other more formal qualities) (cf. Larson (1989)). We cant carry out this comparison, because the works have not been properly cited. By using the rather odd term magical language, this article aims to carry on colloquial a German tradition of treating wordplay as Sprachmagie. Walter Benjamin, for instance, construes language as magical or self-endorsing citation?.  [4]  Critical language use, however, is more comparable to the use of wordplay and the discussion of wit in the Age of Enlightenment, and thus more generally to humour, including, for instance, the joke and the anecdote (whereas in relation to magical language use, wordplay should be regarded as akin to the riddle, the rebus and the mystery). Much literary theory may therefore have adopted these two ways of dealing with and understanding wordplay: it is treated as exceptionally poetic and almost magical precisely because it is untranslatable, or as something which can be used in a general critique of language in which this untranslatableness is used as an argument for the arbitrariness of the relationship between signifià © and signifiant .citation ?The words were not coined by the author of this paper. Wordplay as part of language criticism The work of the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure citation may be seen as a prism for the two understandings of wordplay throughout the twentieth century. On the one hand, there is the scholar Saussure, who later became famous for his hypothesis of the arbitrary relationship between signifià © and signifiant and for his statement that language only contains differences without positive terms. On the other hand, there is the other Saussure, who, besides his more official scholarship, occupies himself with anagrams in Latin texts (cf. Starobinski 1979). In his private scholarship Saussure considers the sign highly motivated, which stands in contrast to his thesis of the arbitrariness of the sign in his official scholarship. Saussures remarkable occupation with language alternates between an almost desperate confidence in language and a growing distrust of its epistemological value. The discussion in the last part of this article will be based on this distrust, orienting it toward Nietzsc he and Freud, since they represent two of the most predominant views on language and thus wordplay in several important literary theories of the twentieth century, not least Russian Formalism and deconstruction. Franz Fà ¼rst (1979) wrongly cited, according to APA norms mentions that wordplay changes character during the nineteenth century. First, the romantic age idealizes it, changing its characteristics. Wordplay is not only connected to wit, but also to in my free translation from Bernhardis Sprachlehre (1801-1803) citation the eternal consonance of the universe through its heterogeneous homogeneity.  [5]  The coherence between sound and meaning was therefore at first considered deeper than might be expected, but the coherence, as the future would show, also had another side displaying a quite different function of wordplay. Fà ¼rst explains: Aus einer à ¤hnlichen Bemà ¼hung um die Wiederherstellung der engen Wort-Ding-Beziehung, jedoch mit karikaturistischer Absicht, entstand eine neue Technik des Wortspiels, die von Brentano und ihm folgend von Heine und Nietzsche verwendet wurde. Diese Technik verzichtet auf das Urwort und begnà ¼gt sich mit der Wortentstellung, der Karikatur eines ehemals organisch-sinnvollen Wortes zur Bezeichnung einer entstellten Wirklichkeit. (1979: 49) We need a translation of this. In Fà ¼rsts view, from pointing out a deeper coherence, wordplay now stands at the service of a distorted reality. It becomes an example of the play of falseness and designates a disfigured reality, especially concerning epistemological questions. The connection with this deeper coherence is therefore eliminated from language and discarded. For example, wordplay and other rhetorical figures which build upon likeness, like the metaphor, are denigrated in Nietzsches work from 1873, On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense citation , when he proclaims that the truth is only [a] mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms in short, a sum of human relations which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically (1982: 46-47). Martin Stingelin points out that Nietzsches wordplay gewinnt (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) seine reflexive Qualità ¤t gerade durch Entstellung (1988: 348) Translation, citation. Precisely because everything is rhetoric anyway, we must turn the sting of language against itself. In this connection, wordplay is the least convincing example of false resemblances made by language and can therefore participate reflectively and ironically in such an Enstellung (distortion). The failure to convince should indicate, and thereby ironically convince us, that there is something inherently wrong with language and the epistemological cognition it attends to for us. Besides Nietzsches critique, we also find Freuds general distrust of language in the beginning of the twentieth century. Most relevant to wordplay is his work The Joke and Its Relation to the Unconscious. Date, citation.With this as a starting point, it is possible to make some more general remarks about the fundamental importance of the relationship between wordplay and metaphor in the different ways in which wordplay is understood and used in twentieth-century literary theory. Freud believes that play on words is nothing but condensation without substitute-formation; condensation is still the overriding category. A tendency to parsimony predominates in all these techniques. Everything seems to be a matter of economy, as Hamlet says (Thrift, thrift, Horatio!) Speech marks (2003: 32). Freuds interest in wordplay therefore goes by way of the joke, which is primarily characterized by economization and condensation.  [6]  A substitution is omitted; in other words, wordplay is not a translation of something unconscious, but a translation which more precisely takes place in language. This is also one of the definitions that Walter Redfern arrives at (1997: 265). Redferns study of wordplay is without doubt the most comprehensive yet in a literary context, but the many metaphorical classifications for instance, ubiquity, equality, fissiparity, double-talk, intoxication (2000: 4) or bastard, a melting-pot, a hotchpotch, a potlatch, potluck (2000: 217) are char acteristic of the relationship between wordplay and metaphor. Wordplay therefore has to do with something fundamentally poetic in language, or as Roman Jakobson puts it, poetry is precisely characterized by being untranslatable: In poetry, verbal equations become a constructive principle of the text. Syntactic and morphological categories, roots, and affixes, phonemes and their components (distinctive features) in short, any constituents of the verbal code are confronted, juxtaposed, brought into contiguous relation according to the principle of similarity and contrast and carry their own autonomous signification. Phonemic similarity is sensed as semantic relationship. The pun, or to use a more erudite and perhaps more precise term paronomasia, reigns over poetic art, and whether its rule is absolute or limited, poetry by definition is untranslatable. (1987: 434) If wordplay may be characterized as a translation in language, metaphor may be considered a translation with language, and each time this inner translation or untranslatability of a pun or wordplay is translated, words for this translation are lacking. Arguably, this is exactly where metaphor helps, like a Band-Aid for a small wound. For this lack or deficit of words produces a poetic surplus which is precisely able to express itself in metaphors and figurative language in general. The latter is an attempt to explain the translation or translate it to something more comprehensible. Whereas the metaphor gives the sense of an effective blend between two semantic fields which together create a third one, wordplay gives a very different impression. The third place which the wordplay creates in its expression is not intellectually comprehensible, but rather inscribed in the form of its own manifestation, a distinctive blend of sound and sense. The incomprehensibleness is an argument for both of its general understandings, partly according to a view which considers language something which can reveal the nonsense of a truth (language criticism) and partly according to a certain kind of nonsensical truth, the idea that language contains m ore than we are aware of (magical language use). Consequently, it is not so odd that metaphor is useful for describing wordplay: metaphor creates a convergence between several semantic fields by covering up the differences between them and in so doing often makes poetry happen. Wordplay, on the other hand, fixes the difference in the mind, thus maintaining the convergence in its very expression. Take, for instance, the literary example of Shakespeares Sonnet CXXXII: THINE eyes I love, and they, as pitying me, Knowing thy heart torment me with disdain, Have put on black and loving mourners be, Looking with pretty ruth upon my pain. And truly not the morning sun of heaven Better becomes the grey cheeks of the east, Nor that full star that ushers in the even, Doth half that glory to the sober west, As those two mourning eyes become thy face: O! let it then as well beseem thy heart To mourn for me since mourning doth thee grace, And suit thy pity like in every part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then will I swear beauty herself is black,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And all they foul that thy complexion lack. The sonnet is replete with wordplay and puns, especially on the words I and eye, and morning and mourning no inverted commas here?, but also and perhaps less importantly on the words ruth and truth. Appropriately, the sonnet contains two instances of the word I, punningly mirroring the two eyes. But an expression and a metaphor like the grey cheeks of the east would simply not emerge without the existence of the pun between morning and mourning. The poem develops and invents a vocabulary and uses expressions which would simply not exist or appear without the puns and plays on words. It actually manages to connect blackness with beauty because of the pun between mourning and morning which also connects the sun with the full star and in this manner with the night. Hence, everything that the I in the sonnet lays eyes on is polluted by a look of mourning and pity. The connection mentioned above causes most scholars to describe wordplay as a potential metaphor; even Freud (especially read in the perspective of Jacques Lacan citation  [7]  ) indicates that we should understand wordplay this way. However, no one has shown that metaphor is a potential wordplay. The question must be whether the connection goes both ways or if wordplay simply is a more initial metaphor? In any case, following Lakoff and Johnsons now classic theory (1980), it is easy to suspect that so-called dead metaphors can be played on more easily than other words for example, the word leg, which is used in connection with chairs, tables and human beings, or words like root or rose, which function in countless contexts. The ambiguity is most severe in connection with some of the key examples provided by Lakoff and Johnson, such as our value-laden and metaphorical organization of space in up and down, in and out, and so forth. The reason for this is probably not that these e xpressions are metaphorical, but rather that they belong to the trite vocabulary which often activates wordplay makes it alert, as Redfern citation writes. In other words, a revitalizing process in language takes place between wordplay and metaphor. Wordplay is not more original than metaphor, nor is the reverse true, for that matter. Experience has shown that wordplay has a tendency to generate metaphors when we attempt describe what they exactly mean and that dead metaphors have a tendency to generate wordplay. Regarding the latter, the same applies to dead language in general, such as hackneyed proverbs, phrases and clichà ©s. Along with the dead metaphors, these expressions make up an un-sensed language which often activates wordplay. The more remarkable of these two relations is without doubt the first one, which I will therefore focus on. The relation between wordplay and metaphor outlined above corresponds with the one that Maureen Quilligan (1992) identifies between wordplay and allegory. Below, we will examine Quilligans understanding of their connection. Wordplay and allegory Quilligan tries to redefine allegory as a genre in which wordplay plays a central part due to its ambiguousness, or as Quilligan writes, [a] sensitivity to the polysemy in words is the basic component of the genre of allegory (1992: 33). Quilligan sees wordplay as initiating the unfolding of the relationship of the text to itself. The text comments on itself, not discursively, but narratively. In this way an author does the same thing with allegory as the literary critic, but the difference is that the author makes commentary on that is, enacts an allegoresis of his own text, which is due to the fact that language is self-reflexive. But this self-reflexivity is only brought about through the reader, who therefore constantly plays an important role in Quilligans reading and re-evaluation of allegory. Self-reflexivity is, however, potentially inscribed in the text through certain traces, especially through polysemy, which expresses itself on the most fundamental literal level specif ically, in the sounds of the words and it is in this respect that wordplay enters the picture alongside allegory. Quilligan uses Quintilian to differentiate between allegory and allegoresis. Allegoresis is literary interpretation or critique of a text, and it was this concept that Quintilian was referring to when he wrote that allegory means one thing at the linguistic level and another at the semantic level; in other words, as a figure, allegory could retain a separation between several semantic levels for a long time for example, between a literal and a figurative level. However, the other which the word allegory points towards with its allos is not someone floating somewhere above the text, but the possibility of an otherness, a polysemy, says Quilligan, on the page and in the text. The allegory designates the fact that language can mean numerous things at once. This very redefinition causes Quilligan to turn towards wordplay. Besides, Quilligan wants to escape from a vertical understanding of allegory such as it has been inherited from Dante, who organized his Divine Comedy according to the Bible, which he believed had four layers of meaning. Quilligan suggests that allegory works horizontally, so that the meaning is increased serially by connecting the verbal surface before moving to another level for example, beyond or above the literal level. And this other level which she refers to has to be located in the reader, who will gradually become aware of the way he or she creates the meaning of the text. Out of this awareness comes a consciousness, not just of how the text is read, but also of the human response to the narrative. Self-reflexivity occurs, and, finally, out of this a relation is established to the other (allos) towards which the allegory leads its reader through the allegoresis. This sensation of the real meaning can be called sacred. Quilligan aims to grasp allegory in its pure form before it becomes allegoresis. Through her readings, she tries to identify a more undetermined conception of allegory on a linguistic level before it gets determined by and in the reader. Quilligan could have used Quintilians definition of allegory as a continued metaphor (III, 2001, 8:6: 44) to establish a relation between allegory, metaphor and wordplay. In my view she thus misses something essential in the contiguous relationship between wordplay, allegory and allegoresis, and this is the making of metaphors. The relation between wordplay and metaphor constitutes a more intimate bond than that between wordplay and allegory, or, as James Brown puts it: The pun is the first step away from the transparent word, the first step towards the achievement of symbolic metaphor (1956:18). But this does not mean that wordplay is some sort of metaphor, as Brown seems to suggest. More accurately, it would be reasonable to suggest that wordplay gives rise to creative language usage, including metaphors and figurative language use in general. This very use is an attempt to translate the relative untranslatability of wordplay, and thereby to satisfy a natural human desire for understanding. Russian formalism vs. deconstruction By treating the text as described above, Quilligan can read several texts in a new and constructive manner inspired by the way that early literary works such as The Faerie Queene way of writing titles deal with language. But it is principally Quilligans starting point and to a lesser degree her treatment of the text that I aim to pinpoint with my focus on wordplay. This article does not claim that the twentieth century should only be understood in the light of wordplay, but rather that in some periods wordplay was used with very specific intentions, and that it offers an understanding of language which several literary theories benefit from. Wordplay stands out particularly in two twentieth-century literary theories namely, Russian formalism and literary deconstruction in the wake of Jacques Derrida citation but it is used in very different ways in these theories. In Russian formalism, wordplay involves a revitalization of language,  [8]  parallel to the concept of skaz,  [9]  which refers to an illusion of a kind of orality or even realism in literary language. In contrast, in deconstruction, wordplay is often tied to writings influence on language in general to a grammatology, to borrow Derridas term. From a deconstructive perspective, wordplay deals with the inadvertent or unintended in the intended (cf. Gordon C.F. Bearn 1995a: 2), or with absence in presence; the exact opposite is true in Russian formalism, which deals with puns and wordplay as a form of oral presence in writing, likening this to a kind of absence. Here, as in other cases, wordplay is involved in a fundamental shift in perspective between a semiotic deficit and a semantic surplus in what may be called a constructive and deconstructive construction of meaning. An example of this problematic is a book by Howard Felperin citation problems with the symptomatic title Beyond Deconstruction. The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory. In this book, Felperin differentiates between what he calls the enactment and counter-enactment of wordplay, emphasizing counter-enactment at the expense of enactment: If the figures of enactment, of speaking in effect in Shakespeares phrase, work cumulatively to integrate the jigsaw puzzle of language into concrete replica of the sensory world, the pun is precisely that piece of language which will fit into several positions in the puzzle and thereby confound attempts to reconstruct the puzzle into a map or picture with any unique or privileged reliability or fidelity of reference. Whereas metaphor and onamatopeia attempt to bridge the precipitate fissures between signs and their meaning, paronomasia [or wordplay; Felperin does not make a distinction] effectively destabilizes further whatever conventional stability the relation between sign and meaning may be thought to possess. (1985: 185) (My addition) In Felperins view, wordplay turns our understanding of things upside down in respect to both language in general and certain overall views of life and so forth. This is the reason why wordplay has been disliked for so many years. Felperin analyses Shakespeare and finds that wordplay is at the disposal of language in various ways in Shakespeares work, precisely in the form of a counter-enactment. However, what he seems to forget is that not only does wordplay oppose similarities, but it also conveys likeness for instance, in the wordplay between eye and I, which may underlie a much deeper understanding of the sonnets and of subjectivity in Shakespeares works in general (cf. Fineman 1988). Arguing against the theory of enactment, Felperin criticizes, among other things, Russian formalism as a theory founded on metaphor (which from Felperins deconstructive perspective is the wrong foundation when it comes to an ontology of language): The Russian formalists, for example, like the Elizabethans, see language as aboriginally poetic, and similarly identify its performative potential in the storehouse of metaphor that lies buried within it (1985: 180). Only Shakespeare escapes this sort of criticism, which appears typical of the period and untenable. Metaphor almost seems like a dark, anthropomorphic enemy in such a deconstructive point of view. Furthermore, Felperin of course makes considerable efforts to define wordplay as a matter

Ethical Issues in the Work Place

Latoya J Week 2 1/18/2012 Discussion 1 Analyze your current work (or School) environment through the lens of the content in Chapter 2 and determine the most significant ethical issue and its impact on overall productivity and moral. Explain your rationale. ? Although I have only been working at Saint Joseph’s University as temporary administrative assistant for a few short months, I have noticed one major discrepancy involving the registrars department of the university. The most significant ethical issue suffered by this particular department involves Lawrence Kohlberg’s social contract stage within the stages of moral development. Kohlberg states that in the social contract stage although employees understand that there are rules and regulations they must follow in the work place, sometimes employees will break those rules to satisfy ones’ own wants and needs. (Hellriegel, Slocum, 2010) In Saint Joseph’s University’s registrar’s office I constantly see employees take off days just to get rest knowing there is a lot of work to be done. This current week in particular one of the receptionist took the week off to have a week relaxation in their hometown. Unfortunately, this individual choose the most important week of the semester, the first week of a new semester. During this week students are not only visiting the registrar’s office with questions regarding things like classroom locations, teacher confirmations, registration errors and alterations, transcript requests, and graduation applications, they are also contacting us via telephone. Since there are only two receptionist her and myself, I was left to manage a lot of the traffic on my own. There is one other front office employee that orks in the registrar’s office who is not an assistant registrar so she was there to lend a helping hand at times, but she too has her own work to finish. Due to the absence of the other receptionist, the office was behind on completely transcripts in a timely manner that we received online through the National Clearinghouse. On Wednesday, January 18, 2012 we had a total of 40 missed calls accompanied by voicemails because the other phone line went unanswered during times when I was either with another student, on another call I could not put on hold, or the other front office employee was not able to answer it. This caused a bit of stress within myself and the others within the office. Students were coming in so fast I was unable to appoint them to the correct assistant registrar to help them solve some of their questions because their offices were also over loaded with students, or faculty in need of classroom assignment alterations. Although I tried my best to help everyone, those individuals who needs were not met because we were shorthanded could possibly view the office as being unorganized as whole, or unprepared. The registrar’s office need to enforce the importance of attendance at work, especially during the extremely busy times of the year. When one is slacks off on their job by being absent when their presence counts the most it makes it creates a ripple in the organization. In this particular case calls were left unanswered, students were forced to either come back to the office at a later time or leave their information in hopes of being contacted at a later time, and transcripts were not sent out as quickly as they normally are.